C++ uses a convenient abstraction called streams to perform I/O operations in sequential media such as screens or keyboards 1.7 I/O C++ uses a convenient abstraction called streams to perform I/O operations in sequential media such as screens or keyboards. A stream is an object where a program can either insert characters or extract them. …
In this section we will learn about Error Handling 1.6 Error Handling “An error doesn’t become a mistake until you refuse to correct it.” —John F. Kennedy The two principal ways to deal with unexpected behavior in C++ are assertions and exceptions. The former is intended for detecting programming errors and the latter for exceptional …
Functions are important building blocks of C++ programs. 1.5 Functions Functions are important building blocks of C++ programs. The first example we have seen is the main function in the hello-world program. We will say a little more about the main in Section 1.5.5. The general form of a C++ function is In this section, we discuss these components …
C++ distinguishes between expressions and statements. 1.4 Expressions and Statements C++ distinguishes between expressions and statements. Very casually, we could say that every expression becomes a statement if a semicolon is appended. However, we would like to discuss this topic a bit more. 1.4.1 Expressions Let us build this recursively from the bottom up. Any …
This section will give an overview of the operators. 1.3 Operators C++ is rich in built-in operators. There are different kinds of operators: Computational: – Arithmetic: ++, +, *, %, . . . – Boolean: * Comparison: <=, !=, . . . * Logic: && and || – Bitwise: ∼, ≪ and ≫, &, ^, and | Assignment: =, +=, . . . Program flow: function call, ?:, and , Memory handling: new and delete …
In this chapter we will learn about the Variables 1.2 Variables C++ is a strongly typed language (in contrast to many scripting languages). This means that every variable has a type and this type never changes. A variable is declared by a statement beginning with a type followed by a variable name with optional initialization—or …
Learn the fundamental features of C++, including variables, operators, expressions and statements, functions, error handling, I/O, arrays, pointers, and references, and structuring software projects “To my children: Never make fun of having to help me with computer stuff. I taught you how to use a spoon.” —Sue Fitzmaurice In this first chapter, we will guide …
8 basic points to start with Introduction to C++ Programming 1. What is C++? C++ (pronounced “see plus plus”) is a programming language that began as an expanded version of C. C++ was first invented by Bjarne Stroustrup in 1979 at Bell Laboratories in Murray Hill, New Jersey. Bjarne Stroustrup initially called the new language …
